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In order to protect the fragile die, epoxy is mechanically strong and very chemical resistant. Strong chemicals, mechanical abrasion, or heat treatments can be used to remove epoxy. This is the most common packaging and possibly also the hardest.

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Fired ceramic with metal parts. Often sealed with glass and metal.

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Hot running chips often require heat sinks and are integrated directly into the package.

Includes WDC PDIP package

See metal

Some packages are fully metallic. Usually these are transistors, but military ICs also came (still do?) in these as well.

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Typically used for smart cards.